Figure 3
The biology of angiogenesis abnormality in diabetic organ dysfunction. In diabetes, the angiogenesis signal is regulated in an organ-, tissue-, and cell type-specific manner. In the retina, atherosclerotic plaque, kidney glomerulus, and cancer, VEGF likely plays pro-angiogenic roles; on the contrary, in diabetic heart, kidney tubule, peripheral vessels, and placenta, VEGF signal is inhibited.