Table 1 TLR agonists stimulate different cytokines and effectors in various cell types^a

Pam3CSK4 (synthetic)

TLR2

0.30 μg/ml

PBMC

Induction of IL-6

[38]

Lipomannan M. smegmatis (LM-MS)

TLR2

10 μg/ml

PBMC

Cellular aggregation

[48]

Heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM)

TLR2

3 × 10⁷ cells/ml

PBMC

Induction of type I and type II IFN

[49]

Lipotechoic acid from S. aureus (LTA)

TLR2

10 μg/ml

RAW264.7

Increased expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IP-10

[50]

Lipopolysaccharide from P. gingivalis (PG-LPS)

TLR2

0.1 μg/ml

U373

Secretion of IL-6

[51]

FSL-1

(synthetic)

TLR2

0.1 μg/ml

PBMC

Induction of Type I and Type II IFN

[49]

Poly (I:C) (synthetic)

TLR3

10 μg/ml

PBMC

Production of IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α

[52]

E. coli K12 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

TLR4

0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/ml

PBMC

Production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10

[30, 31]

S. typhimurium flagellin

TLR5

0.1 μg/ml

PBMC

Activation of NF-κB

[29]

Imiquimod (IMIQ)

(synthetic)

TLR7

3 μg/ml

PBMC

Expression of IFN, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 increased

[53]

Gardiquimod (GIMIQ)

(synthetic)

TLR7

1 μg/ml

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, and RANTES increased

[54]

Loxoribine

(synthetic)

TLR7

0.2 mM

RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line

NK cells

Expression of IL-23 p19 increased

Activation of NK cells

[55, 56]

ssRNA40

(synthetic)

TLR8

1 μg/ml

Peripheral blood

Activation of TNF-α

[57]

E. coli ssDNA/LyoVec

TLR9

0.3-10 μg/ml

RAW264.7

Production of nitrite

[58]

ODN2006

(synthetic)

TLR9

2 μM

PBMC

Increased production of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12

[59, 60]

ODN2216

(synthetic)

TLR-9

1 μM

Plasmacytoid dendritic

cells

Decreased production of IFN-α

[61]

Peptidoglycan from S. aureus (PGN)

NLR

0.1-10 μg/ml

HEK-293

Activation of NF-κB

[62]