|
Tissue decellularisation
|
Tissues with high ECM content, e.g. trachea, heart valves
|
Native composition (ECM), retains mechanical properties and shape of organ
|
Immunogenicity due to incomplete decellularisation, loss of ECM, requires donor organ
|
[5, 10, 78]
|
|
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) processing
|
Drug delivery, hard and soft tissue engineering, wound healing
|
Fibres, particles and encapsulated particle production, biocompatible, biodegradable, manufacturing parameters adjustable to tailor product, control over pore size and distribution
|
Inhomogeneous distribution of seeded cells
|
[5, 10, 13, 79, 80]
|
|
Electrospinning
|
Drug delivery, hard and soft tissue engineering, wound healing
|
Production of fibres and encapsulated fibres, high porosity, surface area, biocompatible and biodegradable, manufacturing parameters adjustable to tailor product
|
Inhomogeneous distribution of seeded cells
|
[81, 82]
|
|
Hydrogels
|
Scaffolds for cartilage, connective tissue and soft tissue bioengineering, cell delivery, drug delivery, wound healing
|
Tuneable biodegradability, biomimicry, biocompatible, improves cellular interactions, mimics native ECM, injectable, self-assembly possible in response to pH and temperature, can be incorporated with other materials
|
Limited mechanical properties, sensitive to the surrounding environment
|
[5, 10, 15, 28–31]
|
|
Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS)
|
Microparticles for tissue engineering, cell delivery, drug delivery
|
High porosity, biocompatible, biodegradable, 3D scaffold, manufacturing parameters adjustable to tailor product, interconnected porous network, cell proliferation, injectable
|
Limited open space through scaffold, inhomogeneous size particles, particle aggregation
|
[10, 11, 80]
|
|
3D printing
|
Fully developed constructs
|
Complex structures mechanically similar to native tissue, fast processing
|
Limited materials, post-processing
|
[4, 14, 27]
|
