Table 1 Metabolic and hepatic features of rodent models fed with diets combining high fat and fructose
From: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a tale of fat and sugar?
Name of model, species, or strain | Diet | Weeks | Metabolic featuresa | NAFLD featuresa | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALIOS diet (long-chain saturated trans fat) | Standard chow (13.6% kcal from fat (soybean oil (15% saturated fatty acids, 23% monounsaturated fatty acids, 61% polyunsaturated fatty acids)) + gel-water; | 16 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase, ↑ aspartate aminotransferase; | [9] |
C57BL/6 J mouse | Alios diet: 45% kcal from fat (30% from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (28% saturated fatty acids, 57% monounsaturated fatty acids, 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids) + high-fructose corn syrup equivalent (55% fructose, 45% glucose by weight) (42 g/l as gel-water) | ↑ liver triglycerides; | macrosteatosis (zones 1 and 2), microsteatosis (zone 3); | ||
↑ insulin, ↑ leptin; | |||||
| Â | Â | = adiponectin; | lobular inflammation; | ||
|  |  | = triglycerides, ↑ cholesterol (plasma) | possible ballooning or Mallory-Denk body fibrosis: not observed | ||
Modified ALIOS | Chow diet; | 16 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase; | [10] |
(medium chain saturated fatty acids) | High-fat diet (58% kcal from fat); | ↑ glucose/insulin (fasting); | steatosis (micro, macro); | ||
C57BL/6 J mouse | High-fat diet + water with high-fructose corn syrup equivalent (55% fructose and 45% sucrose by weight (42 g/l)) | ↑ HOMA-IR; | lobular inflammation, ↑ apoptosis; | ||
|  |  | ↑ liver triglycerides | ballooning: not assessed or not reported; | ||
|  |  |  | ↑ fibrosis | ||
Fast-food mouse | Standard chow (13% kcal from fat (1% saturated fatty acids) + high-fructose corn syrup in water (42 g/l)); | 25 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ aspartate | [8] |
C57BL/6 J mouse | High-fat diet (60% kcal from fat (1% saturated fatty acids) + high-fructose corn syrup in water (42 g/l)); | ↑ glucose, insulin (fasting); | aminotransferase; | ||
|  | Fast-food diet (40% kcal from fat (12% saturated fatty acids) +2% cholesterol + high-fructose corn syrup in water (42 g/l)) | ↑ HOMA-IR; | steatosis: panacinar; | ||
|  |  | ↓ adiponectin; | (++ macro, + micro); | ||
|  |  | ↑ cholesterol (plasma) | intra-acinar inflammation; | ||
| Â | Â | Â | ballooning; | ||
fibrosis: peri-sinusoidal, -cellular | |||||
High-fat diet + fructose (water) | Control diet (4.8% fat); | 8 | ↑ body weight, = liver weight; | Liver function tests: not assessed or not reported; | [11] |
C57BL/6 J mouse | 60% fat diet + 30% fructose in water | ↑ glucose, ↑insulin (fasting); | centrilobular fat vacuolation; | ||
|  |  | ↑ HOMA-IR, ↑ GTT-AUC; | (↑ Oil Red O); | ||
|  |  | ↑ leptin; | fibrosis: not assessed or not reported | ||
|  |  | ↑ triglycerides (plasma), ↑ cholesterol (plasma) |  | ||
High-fat diet + sucrose | Control group (control); | 12 | ↑ body weight; | Liver function tests: not assessed or not reported; | [12] |
Wistar rats | High fat, high sucrose | =glucose, = insulin; | ↑ macrosteatosis | ||
|  |  | ↑ cholesterol, = triglycerides (plasma); |  | ||
|  |  | ↑ leptin |  | ||
High-fat diet + fructose (water) | Control diet; | 8 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | Liver function tests: not assessed or not reported; | [13] |
C57BL6/J mouse | High-fat diet (72% fat (corn oil/lard); 28% protein, <1% carbohydrates) + 21% fructose in water | = liver triglycerides, ↑ GTT-AUC; | ↑ macrosteatosis; | ||
|  |  | =glucose, ↑ insulin (fasting) | fibrosis: not assessed or not reported | ||
High-fat diet + fructose (water) | Standard chow (5% kcal from fat, 18% proteins, 77% carbohydrates) | 12 | ↑ body weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase; | [14] |
Sprague–Dawley rat | Standard chow + fructose in water (30% w/v); | glucose =, ↑ insulin; | ballooning + mild steatosis; | ||
|  | High-fat diet (58% kcal from fat, 18% protein, 24% carbohydrates) | ↑ triglycerides, ↑ cholesterol (plasma) | no inflammation; | ||
| Â | High-fat diet + fructose in water (30% w/v) | Â | rare fibrosis | ||
High-fat diet + fructose (water) | Standard chow (24% protein, 11% fat, 65% carbohydrates (% by weight)); | 15 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase, ↑ aspartate aminotransferase; | [15] |
Wistar rats | High-fat diet [26% fat, 17% protein, 4% cholesterol, 53% carbohydrates) + 10% (w/v) fructose in water | ↑ liver triglycerides, ↑ HOMA-IR; | ↑ Oil Red O; | ||
|  |  | ↑ insulin, = glucose (fasting); | fibrosis: not assessed or not reported | ||
|  |  | ↑ leptin, ↓ adiponectin |  | ||
High-fat diet + fructose (water) | Normal chow (4% fat); | 48 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | Liver function tests, fibrosis: not assessed or not reported; | [16] |
Sprague–Dawley rats | High-fat diet (60% kcal from fat) + 10% fructose in water | = glucose (fasting), ↑ GTT-AUC; | macroscopic signs of steatosis | ||
|  |  | ↑ triglycerides, = cholesterol (plasma) |  | ||
High-fat diet + fructose (water) | Low-fat diet: 10% kcal from fat; | 10 | ↑ Body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ alkaline phosphatase, = alanine aminotransferase; | [17] |
Sprague–Dawley rats | Western diet: high-fat diet (45% kcal from fat (soybean oil, lard)) + high-fructose corn syrup-55 (55% fructose, 45% glucose diluted with water to 12.5%) | ↑ GTT-AUC/↑ leptin; | ↑ liver fat score, ↑ NAFLD activity score; | ||
| Â | Â | = triglycerides (plasma); | = lobular inflammation, = ballooning; | ||
|  |  | ↓ cholesterol (plasma) | fibrosis: no | ||
High-fat diet + fructose (water) | Cornstarch diet; | 16 | ↑ body weight, = liver weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase /↑ aspartate aminotransferase; | [18] |
Wistar rats | High-fat, fructose diet (52% carbohydrate, 24% fat, 25% fructose in drinking water) | ↑ basal glucose; | ↑ fat vacuoles; | ||
|  |  | ↑ plasma triglycerides (plasma) | ↑ portal inflammation; | ||
| Â | Â | Â | fibrosis: portal | ||
High-fat diet + fructose (chow) | Standard chow; | 16 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase/ aspartate aminotransferase; | [19] |
C57BL/6 J mice | High-fat, high-fructose diet (in solid diet) | ↑ HOMA-IR; | micro/macro-steatosis (pericentral); | ||
|  | ↑ insulin, glucose (fasting); | fibrosis: not assessed or not reported | |||
|  | ↑ liver triglycerides |  | |||
High-fat diet + fructose (chow) | Control group (cornstarch diet); | 5 | = body weight; | = alanine aminotransferase; | [20] |
High fructose (70% by weight); | = plasma triglycerides; | some macrosteatosis; | |||
Wistar rats | High sucrose (70%); | = glucose; | inflammation: =lobular, = portal; | ||
High fat (15%); | = liver triglycerides | fibrosis: no change | |||
High fat (15%), high fructose (50%) | Â | Â | |||
High-fat diet + fructose (chow) | Low-fat, high-carbohydrate (cornstarch) diet; | 32 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase; | [21] |
Wistar rats | High-carbohydrate (fructose/sucrose), high-fat diet | ↑ visceral adiposity; | = liver triglycerides, lipid deposition; | ||
|  | ↑ % body fat | inflammation; | |||
| Â | Â | fibrosis: not assessed or not reported | |||
High-fat diet + fructose (chow + water) | Control: cornstarch diet; | 16 | ↑ body weight, ↑ liver weight; | ↑ alanine aminotransferase, ↑ aspartate aminotransferase, ↑ alkaline phosphatase; | [22] |
Wistar rats | High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (including condensed milk (39.5%), beef tallow (20%), and fructose (17.5%)) + 25% fructose in water | ↑ glucose, = insulin (fasting); | ↑ macrosteatosis; | ||
|  |  | ↑ GTT-AUC; | ↑ inflammation; | ||
|  |  | ↑ cholesterol, ↑ triglycerides (plasma) | mild portal fibrosis |