Table 2 Published interventional clinical trials using endothelial progenitor cells.

Chronic ischemic heart disease

121

Transcoronary transplantation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells

Intracoronary infusion in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease

Reduced serum levels of heart failure markers;

reduced mortality

[101]

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

33

Transplantation of autologous EPCs (differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells)

Test safety, feasibility, and initial clinical outcome of intravenous infusion of autologous EPCs in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Feasible and safe infusion of autologous EPCs is beneficial to exercise capacity and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

[102]

Chronic ischemic heart disease

75

Intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood-EPCs and bone marrow-derived progenitor cells

Effect of intracoronary EPC infusion on the left ventricular contractile function

Feasible and safe transplantation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells is associated with moderate but significant improvement in the left ventricular ejection fraction after three months

[103]

Acute myocardial infarction

26

Intracoronary injection of EPCs (differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells)

Effect of intracoronary EPC infusion on coronary vasomotion and left ventricular function in patients after recanalization of chronic coronary total occlusion

Increased left ventricular ejection fraction, coronary flow reserve;

reduction in infarct size

[104]

Acute myocardial infarction

11

Transcoronary transplantation of bone marrow-derived EPCs and mesenchymal stem cells

Effect of transcoronary transplantation of EPCs and mesenchymal stem cells on myocardial contractility and tissue regeneration

Reduction in infarct size

[105]

Acute myocardial infarction

59

Intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood EPCs and bone marrow-derived progenitor cells

Effect of intracoronary EPC infusion on left ventricular function, infarct size and reactive hypertrophy

Increased left ventricular ejection fraction, no reactive hypertrophy;

Reduction in infarct size

[106]

Critical limb ischemia

28

Intramuscular injections of peripheral blood granulocyte colony stimulating factor mobilized CD34+ CD133+ EPCs

Effect of intramuscular infusion on and limb salvage rate for amputation at 12 months

Implantation of EPCs in critical limb ischemia is a safe alternative, improves tissue perfusion, and obtains high amputation-free rates

[107]

Acute myocardial infarction

366

EPC capture stent

Safety and efficacy of EPC capture stents in the acute myocardial infarction settings

EPC stent is safe;

At two-year follow-up, the EPC group showed favorable target vessel revascularizations rate and stent thrombosis remained a low-event occurrence

[108]

ST elevation acute myocardial infarction

100

EPC capture stent

Safety and efficacy of EPC capture stents in the ST elevation acute myocardial infarction settings

The study does not support the use of EPC capture stents with short duration dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction

[109]

Refractory angina

167

Intramyocardial injections of autologous CD34+ cells

Effect of intramyocardial injections of autologous CD34+ cells on refractory angina patient

Intramyocardial injections of autologous CD34+ cells improves angina frequency and exercise tolerance

[110]